import edu.princeton.cs.introcs.In;
import edu.princeton.cs.introcs.StdOut;

/*************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac KosarajuSharirSCC.java
 *  Execution:    java KosarajuSharirSCC filename.txt
 *  Dependencies: Digraph.java TransitiveClosure.java StdOut.java In.java
 *  Data files:   http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/42directed/tinyDG.txt
 *
 *  Compute the strongly-connected components of a digraph using the
 *  Kosaraju-Sharir algorithm.
 *
 *  Runs in O(E + V) time.
 *
 *  % java KosarajuSCC tinyDG.txt
 *  5 components
 *  1 
 *  0 2 3 4 5 
 *  9 10 11 12 
 *  6 8 
 *  7
 *
 *  % java KosarajuSharirSCC mediumDG.txt 
 *  10 components
 *  21 
 *  2 5 6 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 22 23 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 
 *  14 
 *  3 4 17 20 24 27 36 
 *  41 
 *  7 
 *  45 
 *  1 
 *  0 
 *  10 
 *
 *  % java -Xss50m KosarajuSharirSCC mediumDG.txt 
 *  25 components
 *  7 11 32 36 61 84 95 116 121 128 230   ...
 *  28 73 80 104 115 143 149 164 184 185  ...
 *  38 40 200 201 207 218 286 387 418 422 ...
 *  12 14 56 78 87 103 216 269 271 272    ...
 *  42 48 112 135 160 217 243 246 273 346 ...
 *  46 76 96 97 224 237 297 303 308 309   ...
 *  9 15 21 22 27 90 167 214 220 225 227  ...
 *  74 99 133 146 161 166 202 205 245 262 ...
 *  43 83 94 120 125 183 195 206 244 254  ...
 *  1 13 54 91 92 93 106 140 156 194 208  ...
 *  10 39 67 69 131 144 145 154 168 258   ...
 *  6 52 66 113 118 122 139 147 212 213   ...
 *  8 127 150 182 203 204 249 367 400 432 ...
 *  63 65 101 107 108 136 169 170 171 173 ...
 *  55 71 102 155 159 198 228 252 325 419 ...
 *  4 25 34 58 70 152 172 196 199 210 226 ...
 *  2 44 50 88 109 138 141 178 197 211    ...
 *  57 89 129 162 174 179 188 209 238 276 ...
 *  33 41 49 119 126 132 148 181 215 221  ...
 *  3 18 23 26 35 64 105 124 157 186 251  ...
 *  5 16 17 20 31 47 81 98 158 180 187    ...
 *  24 29 51 59 75 82 100 114 117 134 151 ...
 *  30 45 53 60 72 85 111 130 137 142 163 ...
 *  19 37 62 77 79 110 153 352 353 361    ...
 *  0 68 86 123 165 176 193 239 289 336   ...
 *
 *************************************************************************/

/**
 *  The  KosarajuSharirSCC  class represents a data type for 
 *  determining the strong components in a digraph.
 *  The  id  operation determines in which strong component
 *  a given vertex lies; the  areStronglyConnected  operation
 *  determines whether two vertices are in the same strong component;
 *  and the  count  operation determines the number of strong
 *  components.

 *  The  component identifier  of a component is one of the
 *  vertices in the strong component: two vertices have the same component
 *  identifier if and only if they are in the same strong component.

 *   
 *  This implementation uses the Kosaraju-Sharir algorithm.
 *  The constructor takes time proportional to  V  +  E 
 *  (in the worst case),
 *  where  V  is the number of vertices and  E  is the number of edges.
 *  Afterwards, the  id ,  count , and  areStronglyConnected 
 *  operations take constant time.
 *  For alternate implementations of the same API, see
 *  {@link TarjanSCC} and {@link GabowSCC}.
 *   
 *  For additional documentation, see <a href="/algs4/42digraph">Section 4.2</a> of
 *   Algorithms, 4th Edition  by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  @author Robert Sedgewick
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 */
public class KosarajuSharirSCC {
    private boolean[] marked;     // marked[v] = has vertex v been visited?
    private int[] id;             // id[v] = id of strong component containing v
    private int count;            // number of strongly-connected components

    /**
     * Computes the strong components of the digraph  G .
     * @param G the digraph
     */
    public KosarajuSharirSCC(Digraph G) {

        // compute reverse postorder of reverse graph
        DepthFirstOrder dfs = new DepthFirstOrder(G.reverse());

        // run DFS on G, using reverse postorder to guide calculation
        marked = new boolean[G.V()];
        id = new int[G.V()];
        for (int v : dfs.reversePost()) {
            if (!marked[v]) {
                dfs(G, v);
                count++;
            }
        }

        // check that id[] gives strong components
        assert check(G);
    }

    // DFS on graph G
    private void dfs(Digraph G, int v) { 
        marked[v] = true;
        id[v] = count;
        for (int w : G.adj(v)) {
            if (!marked[w]) dfs(G, w);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of strong components.
     * @return the number of strong components
     */
    public int count() {
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Are vertices  v  and  w  in the same strong component?
     * @param v one vertex
     * @param w the other vertex
     * @return  true  if vertices  v  and  w  are in the same
     *     strong component, and  false  otherwise
     */
    public boolean stronglyConnected(int v, int w) {
        return id[v] == id[w];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the component id of the strong component containing vertex  v .
     * @param v the vertex
     * @return the component id of the strong component containing vertex  v 
     */
    public int id(int v) {
        return id[v];
    }

    // does the id[] array contain the strongly connected components?
    private boolean check(Digraph G) {
        TransitiveClosure tc = new TransitiveClosure(G);
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++) {
            for (int w = 0; w < G.V(); w++) {
                if (stronglyConnected(v, w) != (tc.reachable(v, w) && tc.reachable(w, v)))
                    return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Unit tests the  KosarajuSharirSCC  data type.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        In in = new In(args[0]);
        Digraph G = new Digraph(in);
        KosarajuSharirSCC scc = new KosarajuSharirSCC(G);

        // number of connected components
        int M = scc.count();
        StdOut.println(M + " components");

        // compute list of vertices in each strong component
        Queue<Integer>[] components = (Queue<Integer>[]) new Queue[M];
        for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
            components[i] = new Queue<Integer>();
        }
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++) {
            components[scc.id(v)].enqueue(v);
        }

        // print results
        for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
            for (int v : components[i]) {
                StdOut.print(v + " ");
            }
            StdOut.println();
        }

    }

}