import edu.princeton.cs.introcs.In;
import edu.princeton.cs.introcs.StdOut;

/*************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac DijkstraSP.java
 *  Execution:    java DijkstraSP input.txt s
 *  Dependencies: EdgeWeightedDigraph.java IndexMinPQ.java Stack.java DirectedEdge.java
 *  Data files:   http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/44sp/tinyEWD.txt
 *                http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/44sp/mediumEWD.txt
 *                http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/44sp/largeEWD.txt
 *
 *  Dijkstra's algorithm. Computes the shortest path tree.
 *  Assumes all weights are nonnegative.
 *
 *  % java DijkstraSP tinyEWD.txt 0
 *  0 to 0 (0.00)  
 *  0 to 1 (1.05)  0->4  0.38   4->5  0.35   5->1  0.32   
 *  0 to 2 (0.26)  0->2  0.26   
 *  0 to 3 (0.99)  0->2  0.26   2->7  0.34   7->3  0.39   
 *  0 to 4 (0.38)  0->4  0.38   
 *  0 to 5 (0.73)  0->4  0.38   4->5  0.35   
 *  0 to 6 (1.51)  0->2  0.26   2->7  0.34   7->3  0.39   3->6  0.52   
 *  0 to 7 (0.60)  0->2  0.26   2->7  0.34   
 *
 *  % java DijkstraSP mediumEWD.txt 0
 *  0 to 0 (0.00)  
 *  0 to 1 (0.71)  0->44  0.06   44->93  0.07   ...  107->1  0.07   
 *  0 to 2 (0.65)  0->44  0.06   44->231  0.10  ...  42->2  0.11   
 *  0 to 3 (0.46)  0->97  0.08   97->248  0.09  ...  45->3  0.12   
 *  0 to 4 (0.42)  0->44  0.06   44->93  0.07   ...  77->4  0.11   
 *  ...
 *
 *************************************************************************/


/**
 *  The  DijkstraSP  class represents a data type for solving the
 *  single-source shortest paths problem in edge-weighted digraphs
 *  where the edge weights are nonnegative.
 *   
 *  This implementation uses Dijkstra's algorithm with a binary heap.
 *  The constructor takes time proportional to  E  log  V ,
 *  where  V  is the number of vertices and  E  is the number of edges.
 *  Afterwards, the  distTo()  and  hasPathTo()  methods take
 *  constant time and the  pathTo()  method takes time proportional to the
 *  number of edges in the shortest path returned.
 *   
 *  For additional documentation, see <a href="/algs4/44sp">Section 4.4</a> of
 *   Algorithms, 4th Edition  by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  @author Robert Sedgewick
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 */
public class DijkstraSP {
    private double[] distTo;          // distTo[v] = distance  of shortest s->v path
    private DirectedEdge[] edgeTo;    // edgeTo[v] = last edge on shortest s->v path
    private IndexMinPQ<Double> pq;    // priority queue of vertices

    /**
     * Computes a shortest paths tree from  s  to every other vertex in
     * the edge-weighted digraph  G .
     * @param G the edge-weighted digraph
     * @param s the source vertex
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an edge weight is negative
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException unless 0 &le;  s  &le;  V  - 1
     */
    public DijkstraSP(EdgeWeightedDigraph G, int s) {
        for (DirectedEdge e : G.edges()) {
            if (e.weight() < 0)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("edge " + e + " has negative weight");
        }

        distTo = new double[G.V()];
        edgeTo = new DirectedEdge[G.V()];
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++)
            distTo[v] = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
        distTo[s] = 0.0;

        // relax vertices in order of distance from s
        pq = new IndexMinPQ<Double>(G.V());
        pq.insert(s, distTo[s]);
        while (!pq.isEmpty()) {
            int v = pq.delMin();
            for (DirectedEdge e : G.adj(v))
                relax(e);
        }

        // check optimality conditions
        assert check(G, s);
    }

    // relax edge e and update pq if changed
    private void relax(DirectedEdge e) {
        int v = e.from(), w = e.to();
        if (distTo[w] > distTo[v] + e.weight()) {
            distTo[w] = distTo[v] + e.weight();
            edgeTo[w] = e;
            if (pq.contains(w)) pq.decreaseKey(w, distTo[w]);
            else                pq.insert(w, distTo[w]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of a shortest path from the source vertex  s  to vertex  v .
     * @param v the destination vertex
     * @return the length of a shortest path from the source vertex  s  to vertex  v ;
     *     Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY  if no such path
     */
    public double distTo(int v) {
        return distTo[v];
    }

    /**
     * Is there a path from the source vertex  s  to vertex  v ?
     * @param v the destination vertex
     * @return  true  if there is a path from the source vertex
     *     s  to vertex  v , and  false  otherwise
     */
    public boolean hasPathTo(int v) {
        return distTo[v] < Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a shortest path from the source vertex  s  to vertex  v .
     * @param v the destination vertex
     * @return a shortest path from the source vertex  s  to vertex  v 
     *    as an iterable of edges, and  null  if no such path
     */
    public Iterable<DirectedEdge> pathTo(int v) {
        if (!hasPathTo(v)) return null;
        Stack<DirectedEdge> path = new Stack<DirectedEdge>();
        for (DirectedEdge e = edgeTo[v]; e != null; e = edgeTo[e.from()]) {
            path.push(e);
        }
        return path;
    }


    // check optimality conditions:
    // (i) for all edges e:            distTo[e.to()] <= distTo[e.from()] + e.weight()
    // (ii) for all edge e on the SPT: distTo[e.to()] == distTo[e.from()] + e.weight()
    private boolean check(EdgeWeightedDigraph G, int s) {

        // check that edge weights are nonnegative
        for (DirectedEdge e : G.edges()) {
            if (e.weight() < 0) {
                System.err.println("negative edge weight detected");
                return false;
            }
        }

        // check that distTo[v] and edgeTo[v] are consistent
        if (distTo[s] != 0.0 || edgeTo[s] != null) {
            System.err.println("distTo[s] and edgeTo[s] inconsistent");
            return false;
        }
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++) {
            if (v == s) continue;
            if (edgeTo[v] == null && distTo[v] != Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
                System.err.println("distTo[] and edgeTo[] inconsistent");
                return false;
            }
        }

        // check that all edges e = v->w satisfy distTo[w] <= distTo[v] + e.weight()
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++) {
            for (DirectedEdge e : G.adj(v)) {
                int w = e.to();
                if (distTo[v] + e.weight() < distTo[w]) {
                    System.err.println("edge " + e + " not relaxed");
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        // check that all edges e = v->w on SPT satisfy distTo[w] == distTo[v] + e.weight()
        for (int w = 0; w < G.V(); w++) {
            if (edgeTo[w] == null) continue;
            DirectedEdge e = edgeTo[w];
            int v = e.from();
            if (w != e.to()) return false;
            if (distTo[v] + e.weight() != distTo[w]) {
                System.err.println("edge " + e + " on shortest path not tight");
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }


    /**
     * Unit tests the  DijkstraSP  data type.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        In in = new In(args[0]);
        EdgeWeightedDigraph G = new EdgeWeightedDigraph(in);
        int s = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);

        // compute shortest paths
        DijkstraSP sp = new DijkstraSP(G, s);


        // print shortest path
        for (int t = 0; t < G.V(); t++) {
            if (sp.hasPathTo(t)) {
                StdOut.printf("%d to %d (%.2f)  ", s, t, sp.distTo(t));
                if (sp.hasPathTo(t)) {
                    for (DirectedEdge e : sp.pathTo(t)) {
                        StdOut.print(e + "   ");
                    }
                }
                StdOut.println();
            }
            else {
                StdOut.printf("%d to %d         no path\n", s, t);
            }
        }
    }

}