/*************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac ResizingArrayBag.java
 *  Execution:    java ResizingArrayBag
 *  
 *  Bag implementation with a resizing array.
 *
 *************************************************************************/

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

import edu.princeton.cs.introcs.StdOut;

/**
 *  The  ResizingArrayBag  class represents a bag (or multiset) of 
 *  generic items. It supports insertion and iterating over the 
 *  items in arbitrary order.
 *   
 *  This implementation uses a resizing array.
 *  See {@link LinkedBag} for a version that uses a singly-linked list.
 *  The  add  operation takes constant amortized time; the
 *   isEmpty , and  size  operations
 *  take constant time. Iteration takes time proportional to the number of items.
 *   
 *  For additional documentation, see <a href="http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/13stacks">Section 1.3</a> of
 *   Algorithms, 4th Edition  by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  @author Robert Sedgewick
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 */
public class ResizingArrayBag<Item> implements Iterable<Item> {
    private Item[] a;         // array of items
    private int N = 0;        // number of elements on stack

    /**
     * Initializes an empty bag.
     */
    public ResizingArrayBag() {
        a = (Item[]) new Object[2];
    }

    /**
     * Is this bag empty?
     * @return true if this bag is empty; false otherwise
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return N == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of items in this bag.
     * @return the number of items in this bag
     */
    public int size() {
        return N;
    }

    // resize the underlying array holding the elements
    private void resize(int capacity) {
        assert capacity >= N;
        Item[] temp = (Item[]) new Object[capacity];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
            temp[i] = a[i];
        a = temp;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the item to this bag.
     * @param item the item to add to this bag
     */
    public void add(Item item) {
        if (N == a.length) resize(2*a.length);    // double size of array if necessary
        a[N++] = item;                            // add item
    }


    /**
     * Returns an iterator that iterates over the items in the bag in arbitrary order.
     * @return an iterator that iterates over the items in the bag in arbitrary order
     */
    public Iterator<Item> iterator() {
        return new ArrayIterator();
    }

    // an iterator, doesn't implement remove() since it's optional
    private class ArrayIterator implements Iterator<Item> {
        private int i = 0;
        public boolean hasNext()  { return i < N;                               }
        public void remove()      { throw new UnsupportedOperationException();  }

        public Item next() {
            if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
            return a[i++];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Unit tests the  ResizingArrayBag  data type.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ResizingArrayBag<String> bag = new ResizingArrayBag<String>();
        bag.add("Hello");
        bag.add("World");
        bag.add("how");
        bag.add("are");
        bag.add("you");

        for (String s : bag)
            StdOut.println(s);
    }

}