782 lines
23 KiB
Java
782 lines
23 KiB
Java
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package com.jwetherell.algorithms.data_structures;
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import static java.lang.Math.cos;
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import static java.lang.Math.sin;
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import java.util.ArrayDeque;
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import java.util.ArrayList;
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import java.util.Collection;
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import java.util.Collections;
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import java.util.Comparator;
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import java.util.Deque;
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import java.util.HashSet;
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import java.util.Iterator;
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import java.util.List;
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import java.util.Set;
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import java.util.TreeSet;
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/**
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* A k-d tree (short for k-dimensional tree) is a space-partitioning data
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* structure for organizing points in a k-dimensional space. k-d trees are a
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* useful data structure for several applications, such as searches involving a
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* multidimensional search key (e.g. range searches and nearest neighbor
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* searches). k-d trees are a special case of binary space partitioning trees.
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*
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* @author Justin Wetherell <phishman3579@gmail.com>
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* @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-d_tree">K-d_tree (Wikipedia)</a>
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*/
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public class KdTree<T extends KdTree.XYZPoint> implements Iterable<T> {
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private int k = 3;
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private KdNode root = null;
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private static final Comparator<XYZPoint> X_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<XYZPoint>() {
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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@Override
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public int compare(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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if (o1.x < o2.x)
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return -1;
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if (o1.x > o2.x)
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return 1;
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return 0;
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}
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};
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private static final Comparator<XYZPoint> Y_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<XYZPoint>() {
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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@Override
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public int compare(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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if (o1.y < o2.y)
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return -1;
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if (o1.y > o2.y)
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return 1;
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return 0;
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}
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};
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private static final Comparator<XYZPoint> Z_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<XYZPoint>() {
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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@Override
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public int compare(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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if (o1.z < o2.z)
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return -1;
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if (o1.z > o2.z)
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return 1;
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return 0;
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}
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};
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protected static final int X_AXIS = 0;
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protected static final int Y_AXIS = 1;
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protected static final int Z_AXIS = 2;
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/**
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* Default constructor.
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*/
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public KdTree() { }
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/**
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* Constructor for creating a more balanced tree. It uses the
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* "median of points" algorithm.
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*
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* @param list
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* of XYZPoints.
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*/
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public KdTree(List<XYZPoint> list) {
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super();
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root = createNode(list, k, 0);
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}
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/**
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* Constructor for creating a more balanced tree. It uses the
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* "median of points" algorithm.
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*
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* @param list
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* of XYZPoints.
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* @param k
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* of the tree.
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*/
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public KdTree(List<XYZPoint> list, int k) {
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super();
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root = createNode(list, k, 0);
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}
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/**
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* Creates node from list of XYZPoints.
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*
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* @param list
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* of XYZPoints.
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* @param k
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* of the tree.
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* @param depth
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* depth of the node.
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* @return node created.
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*/
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private static KdNode createNode(List<XYZPoint> list, int k, int depth) {
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if (list == null || list.size() == 0)
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return null;
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int axis = depth % k;
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if (axis == X_AXIS)
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Collections.sort(list, X_COMPARATOR);
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else if (axis == Y_AXIS)
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Collections.sort(list, Y_COMPARATOR);
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else
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Collections.sort(list, Z_COMPARATOR);
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KdNode node = null;
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List<XYZPoint> less = new ArrayList<XYZPoint>(list.size());
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List<XYZPoint> more = new ArrayList<XYZPoint>(list.size());
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if (list.size() > 0) {
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int medianIndex = list.size() / 2;
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node = new KdNode(list.get(medianIndex), k, depth);
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// Process list to see where each non-median point lies
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for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
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if (i == medianIndex)
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continue;
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XYZPoint p = list.get(i);
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// Cannot assume points before the median are less since they could be equal
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if (KdNode.compareTo(depth, k, p, node.id) <= 0) {
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less.add(p);
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} else {
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more.add(p);
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}
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}
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if ((medianIndex-1 >= 0) && less.size() > 0) {
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node.lesser = createNode(less, k, depth + 1);
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node.lesser.parent = node;
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}
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if ((medianIndex <= list.size()-1) && more.size() > 0) {
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node.greater = createNode(more, k, depth + 1);
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node.greater.parent = node;
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}
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}
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return node;
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}
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/**
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* Adds value to the tree. Tree can contain multiple equal values.
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*
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* @param value
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* T to add to the tree.
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* @return True if successfully added to tree.
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*/
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public boolean add(T value) {
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if (value == null)
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return false;
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if (root == null) {
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root = new KdNode(value);
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return true;
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}
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KdNode node = root;
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while (true) {
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if (KdNode.compareTo(node.depth, node.k, value, node.id) <= 0) {
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// Lesser
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if (node.lesser == null) {
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KdNode newNode = new KdNode(value, k, node.depth + 1);
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newNode.parent = node;
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node.lesser = newNode;
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break;
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}
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node = node.lesser;
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} else {
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// Greater
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if (node.greater == null) {
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KdNode newNode = new KdNode(value, k, node.depth + 1);
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newNode.parent = node;
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node.greater = newNode;
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break;
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}
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node = node.greater;
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}
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}
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return true;
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}
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/**
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* Does the tree contain the value.
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*
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* @param value
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* T to locate in the tree.
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* @return True if tree contains value.
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*/
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public boolean contains(T value) {
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if (value == null || root == null)
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return false;
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KdNode node = getNode(this, value);
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return (node != null);
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}
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/**
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* Locates T in the tree.
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*
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* @param tree
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* to search.
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* @param value
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* to search for.
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* @return KdNode or NULL if not found
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*/
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private static final <T extends KdTree.XYZPoint> KdNode getNode(KdTree<T> tree, T value) {
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if (tree == null || tree.root == null || value == null)
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return null;
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KdNode node = tree.root;
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while (true) {
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if (node.id.equals(value)) {
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return node;
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} else if (KdNode.compareTo(node.depth, node.k, value, node.id) <= 0) {
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// Lesser
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if (node.lesser == null) {
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return null;
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}
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node = node.lesser;
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} else {
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// Greater
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if (node.greater == null) {
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return null;
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}
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node = node.greater;
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}
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}
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}
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/**
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* Removes first occurrence of value in the tree.
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*
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* @param value
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* T to remove from the tree.
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* @return True if value was removed from the tree.
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*/
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public boolean remove(T value) {
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if (value == null || root == null)
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return false;
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KdNode node = getNode(this, value);
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if (node == null)
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return false;
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KdNode parent = node.parent;
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if (parent != null) {
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if (parent.lesser != null && node.equals(parent.lesser)) {
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List<XYZPoint> nodes = getTree(node);
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if (nodes.size() > 0) {
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parent.lesser = createNode(nodes, node.k, node.depth);
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if (parent.lesser != null) {
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parent.lesser.parent = parent;
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}
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} else {
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parent.lesser = null;
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}
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} else {
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List<XYZPoint> nodes = getTree(node);
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if (nodes.size() > 0) {
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parent.greater = createNode(nodes, node.k, node.depth);
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if (parent.greater != null) {
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parent.greater.parent = parent;
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}
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} else {
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parent.greater = null;
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}
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}
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} else {
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// root
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List<XYZPoint> nodes = getTree(node);
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if (nodes.size() > 0)
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root = createNode(nodes, node.k, node.depth);
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else
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root = null;
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}
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return true;
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}
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/**
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* Gets the (sub) tree rooted at root.
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*
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* @param root
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* of tree to get nodes for.
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* @return points in (sub) tree, not including root.
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*/
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private static final List<XYZPoint> getTree(KdNode root) {
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List<XYZPoint> list = new ArrayList<XYZPoint>();
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if (root == null)
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return list;
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if (root.lesser != null) {
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list.add(root.lesser.id);
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list.addAll(getTree(root.lesser));
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}
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if (root.greater != null) {
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list.add(root.greater.id);
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list.addAll(getTree(root.greater));
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}
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return list;
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}
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/**
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* Searches the K nearest neighbor.
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*
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* @param K
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* Number of neighbors to retrieve. Can return more than K, if
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* last nodes are equal distances.
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* @param value
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* to find neighbors of.
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* @return Collection of T neighbors.
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*/
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@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
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public Collection<T> nearestNeighbourSearch(int K, T value) {
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if (value == null || root == null)
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return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
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// Map used for results
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TreeSet<KdNode> results = new TreeSet<KdNode>(new EuclideanComparator(value));
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// Find the closest leaf node
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KdNode prev = null;
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KdNode node = root;
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while (node != null) {
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if (KdNode.compareTo(node.depth, node.k, value, node.id) <= 0) {
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// Lesser
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prev = node;
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node = node.lesser;
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} else {
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// Greater
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prev = node;
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node = node.greater;
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}
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}
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KdNode leaf = prev;
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if (leaf != null) {
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// Used to not re-examine nodes
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Set<KdNode> examined = new HashSet<KdNode>();
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// Go up the tree, looking for better solutions
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node = leaf;
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while (node != null) {
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// Search node
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searchNode(value, node, K, results, examined);
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node = node.parent;
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}
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}
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// Load up the collection of the results
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Collection<T> collection = new ArrayList<T>(K);
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for (KdNode kdNode : results)
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collection.add((T) kdNode.id);
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return collection;
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}
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private static final <T extends KdTree.XYZPoint> void searchNode(T value, KdNode node, int K, TreeSet<KdNode> results, Set<KdNode> examined) {
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examined.add(node);
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// Search node
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KdNode lastNode = null;
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Double lastDistance = Double.MAX_VALUE;
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if (results.size() > 0) {
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lastNode = results.last();
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lastDistance = lastNode.id.euclideanDistance(value);
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}
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Double nodeDistance = node.id.euclideanDistance(value);
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if (nodeDistance.compareTo(lastDistance) < 0) {
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if (results.size() == K && lastNode != null)
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results.remove(lastNode);
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results.add(node);
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} else if (nodeDistance.equals(lastDistance)) {
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results.add(node);
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} else if (results.size() < K) {
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results.add(node);
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}
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lastNode = results.last();
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lastDistance = lastNode.id.euclideanDistance(value);
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int axis = node.depth % node.k;
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KdNode lesser = node.lesser;
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KdNode greater = node.greater;
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// Search children branches, if axis aligned distance is less than
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// current distance
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if (lesser != null && !examined.contains(lesser)) {
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examined.add(lesser);
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double nodePoint = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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double valuePlusDistance = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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if (axis == X_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.x;
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valuePlusDistance = value.x - lastDistance;
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} else if (axis == Y_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.y;
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valuePlusDistance = value.y - lastDistance;
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} else {
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nodePoint = node.id.z;
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valuePlusDistance = value.z - lastDistance;
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}
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boolean lineIntersectsCube = ((valuePlusDistance <= nodePoint) ? true : false);
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// Continue down lesser branch
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if (lineIntersectsCube)
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searchNode(value, lesser, K, results, examined);
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}
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if (greater != null && !examined.contains(greater)) {
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examined.add(greater);
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double nodePoint = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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double valuePlusDistance = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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if (axis == X_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.x;
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valuePlusDistance = value.x + lastDistance;
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} else if (axis == Y_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.y;
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valuePlusDistance = value.y + lastDistance;
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} else {
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nodePoint = node.id.z;
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valuePlusDistance = value.z + lastDistance;
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}
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boolean lineIntersectsCube = ((valuePlusDistance >= nodePoint) ? true : false);
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// Continue down greater branch
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if (lineIntersectsCube)
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searchNode(value, greater, K, results, examined);
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}
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}
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/**
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* Adds, in a specified queue, a given node and its related nodes (lesser, greater).
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*
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* @param node
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* Node to check. May be null.
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*
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* @param results
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* Queue containing all found entries. Must not be null.
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
|
||
|
private static <T extends XYZPoint> void search(final KdNode node, final Deque<T> results) {
|
||
|
if (node != null) {
|
||
|
results.add((T) node.id);
|
||
|
search(node.greater, results);
|
||
|
search(node.lesser, results);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public String toString() {
|
||
|
return TreePrinter.getString(this);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
protected static class EuclideanComparator implements Comparator<KdNode> {
|
||
|
|
||
|
private final XYZPoint point;
|
||
|
|
||
|
public EuclideanComparator(XYZPoint point) {
|
||
|
this.point = point;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public int compare(KdNode o1, KdNode o2) {
|
||
|
Double d1 = point.euclideanDistance(o1.id);
|
||
|
Double d2 = point.euclideanDistance(o2.id);
|
||
|
if (d1.compareTo(d2) < 0)
|
||
|
return -1;
|
||
|
else if (d2.compareTo(d1) < 0)
|
||
|
return 1;
|
||
|
return o1.id.compareTo(o2.id);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* Searches all entries from the first to the last entry.
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* @return Iterator
|
||
|
* allowing to iterate through a collection containing all found entries.
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
public Iterator<T> iterator() {
|
||
|
final Deque<T> results = new ArrayDeque<T>();
|
||
|
search(root, results);
|
||
|
return results.iterator();
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* Searches all entries from the last to the first entry.
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* @return Iterator
|
||
|
* allowing to iterate through a collection containing all found entries.
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
public Iterator<T> reverse_iterator() {
|
||
|
final Deque<T> results = new ArrayDeque<T>();
|
||
|
search(root, results);
|
||
|
return results.descendingIterator();
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
public static class KdNode implements Comparable<KdNode> {
|
||
|
|
||
|
private final XYZPoint id;
|
||
|
private final int k;
|
||
|
private final int depth;
|
||
|
|
||
|
private KdNode parent = null;
|
||
|
private KdNode lesser = null;
|
||
|
private KdNode greater = null;
|
||
|
|
||
|
public KdNode(XYZPoint id) {
|
||
|
this.id = id;
|
||
|
this.k = 3;
|
||
|
this.depth = 0;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
public KdNode(XYZPoint id, int k, int depth) {
|
||
|
this.id = id;
|
||
|
this.k = k;
|
||
|
this.depth = depth;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
public static int compareTo(int depth, int k, XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
|
||
|
int axis = depth % k;
|
||
|
if (axis == X_AXIS)
|
||
|
return X_COMPARATOR.compare(o1, o2);
|
||
|
if (axis == Y_AXIS)
|
||
|
return Y_COMPARATOR.compare(o1, o2);
|
||
|
return Z_COMPARATOR.compare(o1, o2);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public int hashCode() {
|
||
|
return 31 * (this.k + this.depth + this.id.hashCode());
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
|
||
|
if (obj == null)
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
if (!(obj instanceof KdNode))
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
|
||
|
KdNode kdNode = (KdNode) obj;
|
||
|
if (this.compareTo(kdNode) == 0)
|
||
|
return true;
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public int compareTo(KdNode o) {
|
||
|
return compareTo(depth, k, this.id, o.id);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public String toString() {
|
||
|
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
|
||
|
builder.append("k=").append(k);
|
||
|
builder.append(" depth=").append(depth);
|
||
|
builder.append(" id=").append(id.toString());
|
||
|
return builder.toString();
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
public static class XYZPoint implements Comparable<XYZPoint> {
|
||
|
|
||
|
protected final double x;
|
||
|
protected final double y;
|
||
|
protected final double z;
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* z is defaulted to zero.
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* @param x
|
||
|
* @param y
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
public XYZPoint(double x, double y) {
|
||
|
this.x = x;
|
||
|
this.y = y;
|
||
|
this.z = 0;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* Default constructor
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* @param x
|
||
|
* @param y
|
||
|
* @param z
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
public XYZPoint(double x, double y, double z) {
|
||
|
this.x = x;
|
||
|
this.y = y;
|
||
|
this.z = z;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* Does not use R to calculate x, y, and z. Where R is the approximate radius of earth (e.g. 6371KM).
|
||
|
* @param latitude
|
||
|
* @param longitude
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
public XYZPoint(Double latitude, Double longitude) {
|
||
|
x = cos(Math.toRadians(latitude)) * cos(Math.toRadians(longitude));
|
||
|
y = cos(Math.toRadians(latitude)) * sin(Math.toRadians(longitude));
|
||
|
z = sin(Math.toRadians(latitude));
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
public double getX() {
|
||
|
return x;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
public double getY() {
|
||
|
return y;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
public double getZ() {
|
||
|
return z;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* Computes the Euclidean distance from this point to the other.
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* @param o1
|
||
|
* other point.
|
||
|
* @return euclidean distance.
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
public double euclideanDistance(XYZPoint o1) {
|
||
|
return euclideanDistance(o1, this);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* Computes the Euclidean distance from one point to the other.
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* @param o1
|
||
|
* first point.
|
||
|
* @param o2
|
||
|
* second point.
|
||
|
* @return euclidean distance.
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
private static final double euclideanDistance(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
|
||
|
return Math.sqrt(Math.pow((o1.x - o2.x), 2) + Math.pow((o1.y - o2.y), 2) + Math.pow((o1.z - o2.z), 2));
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public int hashCode() {
|
||
|
return 31 * (int)(this.x + this.y + this.z);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
|
||
|
if (obj == null)
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
if (!(obj instanceof XYZPoint))
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
|
||
|
XYZPoint xyzPoint = (XYZPoint) obj;
|
||
|
if (Double.compare(this.x, xyzPoint.x)!=0)
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
if (Double.compare(this.y, xyzPoint.y)!=0)
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
if (Double.compare(this.z, xyzPoint.z)!=0)
|
||
|
return false;
|
||
|
return true;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public int compareTo(XYZPoint o) {
|
||
|
int xComp = X_COMPARATOR.compare(this, o);
|
||
|
if (xComp != 0)
|
||
|
return xComp;
|
||
|
int yComp = Y_COMPARATOR.compare(this, o);
|
||
|
if (yComp != 0)
|
||
|
return yComp;
|
||
|
int zComp = Z_COMPARATOR.compare(this, o);
|
||
|
return zComp;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
/**
|
||
|
* {@inheritDoc}
|
||
|
*/
|
||
|
@Override
|
||
|
public String toString() {
|
||
|
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
|
||
|
builder.append("(");
|
||
|
builder.append(x).append(", ");
|
||
|
builder.append(y).append(", ");
|
||
|
builder.append(z);
|
||
|
builder.append(")");
|
||
|
return builder.toString();
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
protected static class TreePrinter {
|
||
|
|
||
|
public static <T extends XYZPoint> String getString(KdTree<T> tree) {
|
||
|
if (tree.root == null)
|
||
|
return "Tree has no nodes.";
|
||
|
return getString(tree.root, "", true);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
private static String getString(KdNode node, String prefix, boolean isTail) {
|
||
|
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
|
||
|
|
||
|
if (node.parent != null) {
|
||
|
String side = "left";
|
||
|
if (node.parent.greater != null && node.id.equals(node.parent.greater.id))
|
||
|
side = "right";
|
||
|
builder.append(prefix + (isTail ? "└── " : "├── ") + "[" + side + "] " + "depth=" + node.depth + " id="
|
||
|
+ node.id + "\n");
|
||
|
} else {
|
||
|
builder.append(prefix + (isTail ? "└── " : "├── ") + "depth=" + node.depth + " id=" + node.id + "\n");
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
List<KdNode> children = null;
|
||
|
if (node.lesser != null || node.greater != null) {
|
||
|
children = new ArrayList<KdNode>(2);
|
||
|
if (node.lesser != null)
|
||
|
children.add(node.lesser);
|
||
|
if (node.greater != null)
|
||
|
children.add(node.greater);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
if (children != null) {
|
||
|
for (int i = 0; i < children.size() - 1; i++) {
|
||
|
builder.append(getString(children.get(i), prefix + (isTail ? " " : "│ "), false));
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
if (children.size() >= 1) {
|
||
|
builder.append(getString(children.get(children.size() - 1), prefix + (isTail ? " " : "│ "),
|
||
|
true));
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
return builder.toString();
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|